Respiratory virus trends in Canada : Understanding the data
Weekly summary of respiratory viruses detected in Canada.
- Last updated: 2024-06-20
On this page
- Abbreviations
- Data source
- Data use
- Technical notes
- Provincial and territorial respiratory virus laboratory surveillance reports
Abbreviations
- A(H1N1)pdm09
- Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09
- A(H3)
- Influenza A(H3N2)
- A(UnS)
- Influenza A(Unsubtyped)
- ADV
- Adenovirus
- COVID-19
- Coronavirus disease 2019
- EORLA
- Eastern Ontario Regional Laboratory Association
- EV/RV
- Enterovirus/Rhinovirus
- HCoV
- Human coronavirus 229E/OC43/NL63/HKU1
- HMPV
- Human metapneumovirus
- HPIV
- Human parainfluenza virus
- N/A
- Not available
- PHOL
- Public Health Ontario Laboratory
- RSV
- Respiratory syncytial virus
- RVDSS
- Respiratory Virus Detection Surveillance System
- SARS-CoV-2
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
- UHN
- University Health Network
Data source
Data are collected through the Respiratory Virus Detection Surveillance System (RVDSS). RVDSS is a long-standing laboratory surveillance system consisting of provincial, territorial, and regional public health laboratories and some hospital laboratories. There are reporting laboratories in all provinces and territories, but not all respiratory virus testing in Canada is captured through RVDSS. Laboratories report data for up to 8 respiratory viruses:
- SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19)
- Influenza (commonly referred to as the flu)
- Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
- Human parainfluenza virus
- Adenovirus
- Human metapneumovirus
- Enterovirus/rhinovirus
- Human coronavirus 229E/OC43/NL63/HKU1 (does not include SARS-CoV-2)
Laboratories perform molecular testing for these viruses and report the number of tests and positive detections for each virus each week throughout the year.
Most tests are conducted on:
- acute respiratory infection cases at emergency departments
- hospitalized severe acute respiratory virus infection cases
- outbreak cases
Outpatient cases with symptoms of respiratory virus infection may be targeted, but testing is typically limited to people at higher risk. Respiratory testing algorithms vary by province or territory.
Data use
RVDSS laboratory data are one of the main surveillance components for monitoring respiratory virus activity in Canada. Weekly percentage of tests positive (also referred to as percent positivity) is the primary indicator used to assess repiratory virus transmission trends over time and place. This indicator is calculated from submitted RVDSS data as:
Influenza laboratory data submitted through RVDSS is also summarized in weekly FluWatch reports and as well as annual and midseason influenza reports. RVDSS percent positivity data are used to determine the start and end of seasonal influenza epidemics.
RVDSS laboratory data are also used to fulfil Canada’s international respiratory virus surveillance responsibilities. Each week, we submit aggregate data to the World Health Organization's (WHO) RespiMart and to the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) for inclusion in their weekly situation reports on respiratory viruses.
For more information, please refer to:
- FluWatch weekly reports
- FluWatch annual influenza reports
- RespiMart (WHO)
- International influenza update (WHO)
- Influenza, SARS-CoV-2, RSV and other respiratory viruses situation report (PAHO)
Technical notes
Data in this report represent surveillance data available at the time of analysis. Delays in the availability and reporting of data may cause data to change retrospectively.
RVDSS does not capture all respiratory virus testing in Canada.
Data are aggregated by RVDSS surveillance weeks. This allows the comparison of current data to historical data. Surveillance weeks begin on Sunday and end on the following Saturday
Surveillance for each respiratory virus season starts on week 35 of a calendar year and ends on week 34 of the following calendar year. This 1-year period begins and ends around the end of August.
- Calendar of surveillance weeks (current season)
Changes to testing practices during the COVID-19 pandemic caused changes to RVDSS indicators (also referred to as ‘measures of respiratory virus activity’). Counts of tests and positive detections have increased due to higher testing levels. Percentage of tests positive may have decreased due to the addition of SARS-CoV-2 to testing panels. Use caution when comparing respiratory virus indicators across time periods.
RVDSS integrated SARS-CoV-2 surveillance at the beginning of the 2022-2023 season; no prior data are available for historical comparison.
Differences in RVDSS indicators across jurisdictions can reflect differences in testing algorithms and reporting, as well as true differences in virus activity. Use caution when comparing indicators across jurisdictions. SARS-CoV-2 testing and reporting differences were greatest when SARS-CoV-2 was first included in the RVDSS, but are expected to diminish over time.
Respiratory virus data from week 11 onwards of the 2019-2020 season are excluded from historical comparisons. This is due to the impact of the pandemic on respiratory virus transmission. In week 10 of the 2019-2020 season, the WHO declared COVID-19 a pandemic. An unusual decline in Canadian influenza activity began that week. This was likely due to public health measures to slow the spread of COVID-19. Transmission of influenza and most other seasonal respiratory viruses remained low for much of the 2020-2021 season. For detailed technical information, please refer to:
- Impact of nonpharmaceutical interventions on laboratory detections of influenza A and B in Canada (National Library of Medicine)
- Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, and other seasonal respiratory virus circulation in Canada: A population-based study (The Lancet)
N/A is used to identify data that is not available. Data may be unavailable if it was not reported for the current surveillance week. Alternatively data may be unavailable if a reporting laboratory does not collect/report data for specific viruses.
Unless otherwise specified, the term influenza includes influenza A and influenza B positive detections.
Some public health laboratories in Canada perform subtyping on influenza specimens from other laboratories. When identified, these subtype detections are not included in total influenza A detection counts; in these instances, total influenza A detection counts may not equal the sum of influenza A subtype detections. Total influenza A and B positive counts are used to calculate percentage of tests positive.
Provincial and Territorial Respiratory Virus Laboratory Surveillance Reports
The following links are provincial and territorial websites that provide more detailed respiratory virus surveillance data. Data differences are possible as RVDSS doesn’t capture all respiratory virus testing in Canada.
- British Columbia
- BCCDC Respiratory Virus Data Reports
- Alberta
- Respiratory Virus Dashboard
- Saskatchewan
- Community Respiratory Illness Surveillance Program (CRISP) Reports
- Manitoba
- Provincial Respiratory Surveillance Reports
- Ontario
- Ontario Respiratory Virus Tool
- Quebec
- Données COVID-19 au Québec
- Surveillance de l'influenza et autres virus respiratoires
- New Brunswick
- Respiratory Watch
- Prince Edward Island
- PEI Respiratory Illness Summary
- Nova Scotia
- Respiratory Watch
- Newfoundland and Labrador
- Respiratory Activity Dashboard
- Yukon
- Respiratory Surveillance Report
- Northwest Territories
- N/A
- Nunavut
- N/A
- Date modified: