Drug Analysis Service and Cannabis Laboratory

Stimulants

Stimulants increase the activity of the central nervous system. They  induce wakefulness and euphoria. ^{Footnote 1}

Some of the substances in this class produce both a stimulant and a hallucinogenic response, sometimes called empathogen-entactogens. Because their  side effects are more similar to stimulants (e.g. increased heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature), these substances are categorized as stimulants in this framework. ^{Footnote 2}

Amphetamines / methamphetamines

Lisdexamfetamine; 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA); 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)

Cathinones

3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-methylcathinone; N-Ethyl-heptedrone; 3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone

Ephedrine-type

Ephedrine; Pseudoephedrine; Phenylephrine

Aminoindanes

2-Aminoindane; 5-Methoxy-2-aminoindane; N-Methyl-2-aminoindane

Arylpiperidines and benzylpiperidines

4-Benzylpiperidine; Methylphenidate;  4-Fluoromethylphenidate

Tropanes (stimulant)

Cocaine

Arylpiperazines and benzylpiperazines

Benzylpiperazine; Methylbenzylpiperazine; Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine

Phenethylamines (stimulant)

Fencamfamin; N-methyl-2-phenylpropan-1-amine (Phenpromethamine)

Other stimulants

Benocyclidine; Bromantane;Aminorex

Hallucinogens

Hallucinogens cause disturbances of perception (visual, olfactory, auditory, tactile) and behavior in ways that cannot be characterized simply as sedative or stimulant effects. ^{Footnote 1 Footnote 3}

LSD and analogues

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD); 1-propanoyl-lysergic acid diethylamide (1P-LSD); 1-cyclopropionyl-N,N-diethyllysergamide (1cP-LSD)

Tryptamines

5-Methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine; Psilocybin; N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT)

Tropanes (hallucinogen)

Atropine; Scopolamine

Phenethylamines (hallucinogen)

2C-B; 2C-E; Mescaline

Antipsychotics

Antipsychotics are primarily used to treat psychiatric disorders with or without psychotic symptoms (delusions, hallucinations). ^{Footnote 3 Footnote 4}

Atypical  antipsychotics

Aripiprazole; Quetiapine; Olanzapine

Cannabinoids

Cannabinoids are  either plant-derived, synthetic, or semi-synthetic compounds that have affinity for and activity at cannabinoid receptors. They produce a variety of effects, including euphoria (feeling “high”), a sense of well-being, and drowsiness. ^{Footnote 5}

Cannabinoids & derivatives

Cannabis; Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC); Cannabidiol (CBD); 9(R)-Hexahydrocannabinol (HHC)

Synthetic cannabinoids and cannabimimetics

N-(1-(aminocarbonyl)-2-methylpropyl)-1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (ADB-FUBINACA); Nabilone; JWH-018

Dissociatives

Dissociatives produce a mental state in which a person feels out of control and disconnected from their body and environment. ^{Footnote 6}

PCP and analogues

Rolicyclidine; Phencyclidine (PCP); 3-Methoxyphencyclidine (3-MeO-PCP)

Ketamine and analogues

2-Fluorodeschloroketamine; Ketamine; Fluorexetamine (FXE)

Other dissociatives

Dextrometorphan; Diphenidine; Salvinorin A

Opioids

Opioids interact with the opioid receptors. They may be natural constituents, derivatives from the opium poppy, or synthetic substances. Opioids produce a variety of effects, including analgesia and euphoria. ^{Footnote 7}

Fentanyl and analogues

Fentanyl; para-Fluorofentanyl; Carfentanil

Opiates

Heroin; Oxycodone; Hydromorphone

Nitazenes

Metonitazene; Protonitazene; Isotonitazene

Other opioids

Methadone; Tramadol; U-47700

Sedatives/Hypnotics

Sedatives/Hypnotics decrease the activity of the central nervous system. They have a calming effect, can reduce anxiety, and at a higher doses can induce  and maintain sleep. ^{Footnote 8}

Benzodiazepines

Alprazolam; Bromazolam; Etizolam

Barbiturates

Butalbital; Pentobarbital; Phenobarbital

GHB and its prodrugs

Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB); Gamma-butyrolactone (GBL); 1,4-Butanediol

Quinazolinones

Etaqualone; Methaqualone; Methylmethaqualone

Antihistamines (first-generation)

Cyproheptadine; Hydroxyzine; Promethazine

Gabapentinoids

Gabapentin; Pregabalin

Other sedatives/hypnotics

Etomidate; Medetomidine; Xylazine; Zolpidem

Cognitive enhancers

Cognitive enhancers or ‘’Nootropics’’ are a diverse group of substances whose action is thought to improve learning and memory, especially in cases where these functions are impaired. ^{Footnote 9}

Nootropics

N-(1-(phenylacetyl)prolyl)glycine ethyl ester (Noopept); Vinpocetine; Phenylpiracetam

Physical performance enhancers

Physical performance enhancers are used to improve or change the physical appearance, and/or increase physical strength and performance in sport. This also includes substances used to enhance sexual behavior and performance. ^{Footnote 10 Footnote 11}

Erectile dysfunction drugs

Tadalafil; Sildenafil; Vardenafil

Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERM)

Clomiphene; Tamoxifen

Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARM)

Andarine; Enobosarm; Ligandrol

Steroids

Metandienone; Stanozolol; Testosterone enanthate

Antidepressants

Antidepressants are used to treat depression and other mental health conditions such as obsessive-compulsive disorder, social phobia, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. ^{Footnote 12}

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI)

Citalopram; Fluoxetine; Vortioxetine

Serotonin/Norepinephrine Reuptake inhibitors (SNRI)

Duloxetine; Levomilnacipran; Venlafaxine

Atypical Antidepressants

Mirtazapine; Trazodone

Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCA)

Amitriptyline; Amineptine; Doxepin

Other

This class includes cutting agents, precursor chemicals and intermediate reagents, among others, that may have licit or illicit use on their own or formed during production.

Precursors / key intermediates / reagents / by-products

4-Anilino-N-phenethylpiperidine (4-ANPP); α-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyphenylpropionamide (MMDPPA); 1-Phenyl-2-propanone(P2P)

Cutting agents

Caffeine; Dimethylsulphone; Phenacetin

Muscle relaxants

Cyclobenzaprine; Methocarbamol; Rocuronium

Opioid antagonists

Diprenorphine; Naloxone

Anti-epileptics/Mood stabilizers

Levetiracetam; Topiramate; Valproic acid