The Cancer in Young People in Canada (CYP-C) Data Tool provides pan-Canadian surveillance data on children and youth with cancer to inform research and planning for cancer control efforts.
The Incidence graphs and tables were created using data from both the Cancer in Young People in Canada program (CYP-C) and the Canadian Cancer Registry (CCR) database.
Cancer in Young People in Canada (CYP-C)
The CYP-C program collects health and treatment information on each child/youth under the age of 19 diagnosed with cancer and presenting at 1 of the 17 pediatric oncology centres in Canada. Only cases under the age of 15 years old with a diagnosis listed in the International Classification of Childhood Cancer, 3rd Edition (ICCC-3) between 2001 and 2020 are included. Each case registered in CYP-C is followed up to five years from the date of diagnosis.
There are two broad methods of data collection:
In Ontario, the Pediatric Oncology Group of Ontario (POGO) has maintained a population-based registry of incident cancer cases since 1985, diagnosed or treated in one of the five pediatric oncology centres in the province. POGO shares this information with the Public Health Agency of Canada through a data sharing agreement.
In all other Canadian jurisdictions, data are abstracted directly from patient medical charts by clinical research associates and entered into a secure electronic data entry and management tool (known as eCYP). Data are then collated at the Public Health Agency of Canada in Ottawa, Ontario.
Research ethics boards at the Public Health Agency of Canada and all pediatric oncology centres outside of Ontario participating in direct data collection have permitted CYP-C to collect detailed data on every eligible child, creating a truly population-based surveillance system.
Data was extracted from CYP-C on May 2, 2023, and from POGONIS on June 20, 2022.
Canadian Cancer Registry (CCR)
The Canadian Cancer Registry (CCR) is a population-based registry that includes incidence data collected and annually reported to Statistics Canada by each provincial/territorial cancer registry. The CCR collects information about each new primary cancer diagnosed among Canadian residents since 1992.
Data was extracted from the CCR Tabulation Master File released on August 23, 2022, and shared with the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) in January 2023.
Extracted CCR data includes only incident primary childhood cancer cases diagnosed between 2001 and 2019.
Comparisons of incidence cases in CYP-C to the CCR data show that very few childhood cancer cases (aged 0 to 14 years) are treated outside of pediatric oncology centres.Footnote 1
Case reports from CYP-C may differ from those reported in the CCR for several reasons, including:
CCR excludes non-malignant cases.
Cancer incidence data from Quebec is not available from CCR.
CCR captures children who are diagnosed and treated outside of Canada’s 17 pediatric oncology centres.
CCR uses additional sources to identify cases including from outpatient clinics, private hospitals/practices, radiology and screening program reports, medical billing and hospital discharge administrative databases, and reports on cancer deaths from vital statistics registries.
Completeness of malignant and non-malignant cases can vary across CYP-C reporting sites and over time.
Methodology
Overview
Children and youth (under 15 years old) diagnosed with cancer, between 2001 and 2020, are included in the incidence data tool.
Selections
Sex: The sex of the child or youth.
Age: The age group of the child or youth at the time of their diagnosis: <1 year, 1 to 4 years, 5 to 9 years, 10 to 14 years, and All ages (<15 years).
Geography: The home region of the child or youth at the time of their cancer diagnosis: Prairies (Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta); Atlantic (Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland and Labrador); Territories (Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut); and the provinces of British Columbia, Quebec, and Ontario.
Dataset: The data source used to calculate the measure: Cancer in Young People in Canada and the Canadian Cancer Registry (excluding Quebec).
Period: The year of a child or youth’s cancer diagnosis.
Number of new cases (incidence counts): The number of children and youth with a new diagnosis of cancer during a specific period in the population.
Crude incidence rate: The number of children and youth with a new diagnosis of cancer divided by the total number of children and youth in the population. Rates are presented per 1,000,000. Crude rates do not adjust for the age distribution of the population.
Age-standardized incidence rate: A weighted average of age-specific crude incidence rates using a standard population. Age-standardized incidence rates adjust for the age distribution of the population. This adjustment allows for comparisons across years and geographic region. Rates are presented per 1,000,000 and standardized to the age distribution of the 2011 Canadian standard population.
5-year rolling average rates: The average rate over the previous 5 years. For example, the rolling average rate for the year 2005 is the average rate of 2001 to 2005. Rolling averages provide trends over time with minimum fluctuation.
Childhood cancer classification
Cancer and tumour types were defined using the International Classification of Childhood Cancer (ICCC). The ICCC is a diagnostic classification system for childhood cancer based on tumour morphology and primary site, with a greater emphasis on morphology as compared to the classification of cancers for adults.
To ensure confidentiality, case counts between 1 and 4 are suppressed. Rates based on case counts between 1 and 4 are not reported.
In addition, case counts are randomly rounded either up or down to a multiple of 5. Note, if the rounded count is zero, this means the actual number of cancer cases is zero. Crude rates are based on randomly rounded counts, while age-standardized rates are calculated using actual case counts.
References
Footnotes
Footnote 1
Mitra, D., Hutchings, K., Shaw, A., Barber, R., Sung, L., Bernstein, M., ... & Strahlendorf, C. (2015). The Cancer in Young People in Canada surveillance system. Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada: Research, Policy and Practice, 35(4), 73.
Steliarova-Foucher E, Colombet M, Ries LAG, Rous B, Stiller CA. Classification of tumours. In: Steliarova-Foucher E, Colombet M, Ries LAG, Moreno F, Dolya A, Shin HY, Hesseling P, Stiller CA. International Incidence of Childhood Cancer, Volume III. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2017.
The survival and relapse risk graphs and tables were created using data from the Cancer in Young People in Canada program (CYP-C).
Cancer in Young People in Canada (CYP-C)
The CYP-C program collects health and treatment information on each child/youth under the age of 19 diagnosed with cancer and presenting at 1 of the 17 pediatric oncology centres in Canada. Only cases under the age of 15 years old with a diagnosis listed in the International Classification of Childhood Cancer, 3rd Edition (ICCC-3) between 2001 and 2020 are included. Cases were followed up to December 31, 2021.
There are two broad methods of data collection:
In Ontario, the Pediatric Oncology Group of Ontario (POGO) has maintained a population-based registry of incident cancer cases since 1985, diagnosed or treated in one of the five pediatric oncology centres in the province. POGO shares this information with the Public Health Agency of Canada through a data sharing agreement.
In all other Canadian jurisdictions, data are abstracted directly from patient medical charts by clinical research associates and entered into a secure electronic data entry and management tool (known as eCYP). Data are then collated at the Public Health Agency of Canada in Ottawa, Ontario.
Research ethics boards at the Public Health Agency of Canada and all pediatric oncology centres outside of Ontario participating in direct data collection have permitted CYP-C to collect detailed data on every eligible child, creating a population-based surveillance system.
Data was extracted from CYP-C on November 7, 2022, and from POGONIS on June 20, 2022.
Methodology
Overview
Children and youth (under 15 years old) diagnosed with cancer, between 2001 and 2020, are included in the survival data tool. Cases with the same date of diagnosis and death were assigned one day of survival and are included in the survival estimates. Only the first malignant primary diagnosis for each patient is included.
Selections
Sex: The sex of the child or youth.
Age: The age group of the child or youth at the time of their diagnosis: <1 year, 1 to 4 years, 5 to 9 years, 10 to 14 years, and All ages (<15 years).
Period of diagnosis: The 5-year period of a child or youth’s cancer diagnosis: 2001–2005, 2006–2010, 2011–2015, and 2016–2020.
Risk groups for all ICCC diagnosis groups except for leukemia:
Extent of disease: The extent of disease for solid tumours indicates the presence of metastatic disease or no metastatic disease.
Risk groups for lymphoid leukemias (ALL):
Phenotype: The phenotype identifies the subtype of ALL. Leukemia subtypes (or immunophenotypes) are typically based on the type of lymphocyte (most often B cell or T cell) the leukemia cells come from, and how mature the cells are. The three phenotypes are:
Precursor B-cell
T-cell
Mature B-cell (also known as Burkitt's Leukemia)
Central nervous system (CNS) involvement: CNS involvement indicates that leukemia has spread to the brain or spinal cord (at diagnosis). It is defined as the number of white blood cells (WBCs) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
CNS 1 indicates that no blasts (immature white blood cells) are in the CSF.
CNS 2 indicates that the WBC count is less than 5/μL, with blasts in the CSF.
CNS 3 indicates that the WBC count is 5/μL or greater, with blasts in the CSF (or there are signs that leukemia has spread to the CNS).
Testicular involvement: Testicular involvement indicates that, at diagnosis, a biopsy or clinical evidence indicated evidence of testicular involvement.
NCI Low (standard) risk includes children aged 1 to younger than 10 years, with a WBC less than 50,000/µL at the time of diagnosis.
NCI High (or very high) risk includes all other children.
The NCI risk group selection is available for precursor B-cell ALL, for diagnoses in 2007-2010, 2011-2015, and 2016-2020. To view data for NCI Low Risk and NCI High Risk for diagnoses in 2007-2010 select "2006-2010".
Risk groups for acute myeloid leukemias (AML):
French-American-British (FAB) classification: The FAB classification identifies the subtype of AML. Subtype “M3” refers to acute promyelocytic leukemia. All other subtypes are grouped together as “M0-M7 except M3”.
Measures
Observed survival
Overall survival: The observed overall survival proportion was calculated as the time from diagnosis until death, end of follow-up, or up to the end of the study (December 31, 2021).
Event-free survival: The observed event-free survival proportion was calculated as the time from diagnosis until first event (relapse, second malignancy, or death, whichever occurred first), end of follow-up, or up to the end of the study (December 31, 2021).
The observed survival functions presented in the figures were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method, with all event times rounded to the nearest month. Confidence bands are equal precision (EP) bands.
The one-, three-, and five-year observed survival (OS) proportions are presented in the tables. Results for individual ICCC diagnostic groups were derived using the cohort method or the period method, based on an algorithm developed by Dickman.Footnote 1
For cases diagnosed in 2001–2005, 2006–2010, or 2011–2015, survival proportions were estimated using the cohort method (actual rates). These cases have completed a five-year follow up.
For cases diagnosed in 2016–2020, survival proportions were estimated using the period method. These cases have not completed a five-year follow-up.
Results for all cancers combined were calculated as a weighted average of the estimates from individual cancer types. The weights employed were based on the distribution of the 12 main ICCC groups diagnosed in Canada in 2016–2020.
Cumulative incidence of relapse
Cumulative incidence of relapse: The cumulative incidence of relapse was calculated with death or development of second cancer (before experiencing a relapse) considered as competing risks.
Childhood cancer classification
Cancer and tumour types were defined using the International Classification of Childhood Cancer (ICCC). The ICCC is a diagnostic classification system for childhood cancer based on tumour morphology and primary site, with a greater emphasis on morphology as compared to the classification of cancers for adults.
Steliarova-Foucher E, Colombet M, Ries LAG, Rous B, Stiller CA. Classification of tumours. In: Steliarova-Foucher E, Colombet M, Ries LAG, Moreno F, Dolya A, Shin HY, Hesseling P, Stiller CA. International Incidence of Childhood Cancer, Volume III. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2017.
The prevalence graphs and tables were created using data from the Canadian Cancer Registry (CCR) linked to the Canadian Vital Statistics–Death Database (CVSD) as well as the Pediatric Oncology Group of Ontario Networked Information System (POGONIS).
Cancer in Young People in Canada (CYP-C)
The CYP-C program collects health and treatment information on each child/youth under the age of 19 diagnosed with cancer and presenting at 1 of the 17 pediatric oncology centres in Canada. Only cases under the age of 15 years old with a diagnosis listed in the International Classification of Childhood Cancer, 3rd Edition (ICCC-3) between 2001 and 2020 are included. Each case registered in CYP-C is followed up to five years from the date of diagnosis.
There are two broad methods of data collection:
In Ontario, the Pediatric Oncology Group of Ontario (POGO) has maintained a population-based registry of incident cancer cases since 1985, diagnosed or treated in one of the five pediatric oncology centres in the province. POGO shares this information with the Public Health Agency of Canada through a data sharing agreement.
In all other Canadian jurisdictions, data are abstracted directly from patient medical charts by clinical research associates and entered into a secure electronic data entry and management tool (known as eCYP). Data are then collated at the Public Health Agency of Canada in Ottawa, Ontario.
Research ethics boards at the Public Health Agency of Canada and all pediatric oncology centres outside of Ontario participating in direct data collection have permitted CYP-C to collect detailed data on every eligible child, creating a truly population-based surveillance system.
Data was extracted from CYP-C on May 2, 2023, and from POGONIS on June 20, 2022.
Canadian Cancer Registry linked to the Canadian Vital Statistics–Death Database
The Canadian Cancer Registry (CCR) is a population-based registry that includes incidence data collected and annually reported to Statistics Canada by each provincial/territorial cancer registry. The CCR collects information about each new primary cancer diagnosed among Canadian residents since 1992.
The Canadian Vital Statistics–Death Database (CVSD) is an administrative survey that includes demographic and medical (cause of death) information collected and regularly reported to Statistics Canada from all provincial and territorial vital statistics registries. The CVSD contains records of all deaths in Canada.
All cases diagnosed between 1992 and 2017 are included.
Data was extracted from the Canadian Cancer Registry Death-Linked Share File (1992–2017) shared with the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC).
General notes:
CCR excludes non-malignant cases.
Cancer incidence data from Quebec is not available from CCR.
CCR captures children who are diagnosed and treated outside of Canada’s 17 pediatric oncology centres.
CVSD data for Yukon and Ontario are not available as of 2016.
Data from 2016 and 2017 are considered preliminary due to improvements in methodology and timeliness which shortened the duration of data collection.
POGONIS data
Death information in POGONIS is validated and supplemented via annual record linkage to the Ontario Cancer Registry and the Ontario Registrar General Death File under a data sharing agreement with Ontario Health (Cancer Care Ontario) to systematically capture deaths in the entire cohort.
Deaths reported in POGONIS from 2015 to 2017 are included.
Individuals diagnosed with childhood cancer (i.e., diagnosed between the age 0 and 14 years), between 1992 and 2020, who were alive on or after Jan. 1, 2001, are included in the prevalence data tool.
Prevalence of cancers diagnosed in childhood
This data tool provides person-based limited-duration prevalence. Limited-duration (LD) prevalence represents the number of people diagnosed with a childhood cancer over a specific period (5 years, 18 years, or 25 years) who are still alive on the prevalence date.
Examples:
A fourteen-year-old boy was diagnosed with cancer in 2016.
On January 1, 2018, he would be counted as a prevalent case (in the 15 to 19 years age group) in the calculation of 5-year, 18-year, and 25-year LD prevalence.
A three-year old girl was diagnosed with cancer in 2001.
On January 1, 2018, she would be counted as a prevalent case in the calculation of 18-year and 25-year LD prevalence (in the 20 to 24 years age group).
On January 1, 2018, she would not be counted in the 5-year LD prevalence, as she was not diagnosed in the five years prior to 2018.
A child was diagnosed with cancer in 2005 and died in 2008.
On January 1, 2018, he would not be counted as a prevalent case, as he was no longer living.
Both CYP-C and CCR-CVSD data were used to calculate 5-year limited duration prevalence. As cases in CYP-C are only followed for up to 5 years after diagnosis, CYP-C data were not available to calculate 18-year and 25-year limited duration prevalence.
Person-based cancer prevalence counts the number of living individuals previously diagnosed with cancer, rather than the number of cancers or tumours newly diagnosed. Each statistic is never based on more than one cancer or tumour per person.
The counting method was used to estimate prevalence from incidence and survival data. Adjustments were made to estimate the proportion of cases lost to follow-up who would have made it to the prevalence date. Adjustments used the Kaplan-Meier method with monthly intervals. Prevalence calculations for CYP-C data used SEER*Stat software.Footnote 1
Selections
Sex: The sex of the child or youth.
Age at prevalence date: The age group of the individual with a previous diagnosis of childhood cancer at the time of the selected prevalence date: <1 year, 1 to 4 years, 5 to 9 years, 10 to 14 years, 15 to 19 years, 20 to 24 years, 25 to 29 years, 30 to 34 years, and 35 to 39 years. Ages are also grouped as <15 years, <20 years, <25 years, <35 years, and <40 years. For 5-year prevalence, the oldest group is 15 to 19 years old. For 18-year prevalence, the oldest group is 30 to 34 years, while the oldest age group for 25-year prevalence is 35 to 39 years old.
Duration: The specified number of years before the prevalence date (5 years, 18 years, and 25 years) used to calculate limited-duration prevalence.
Geography: The home region of the child or youth at the time of their cancer diagnosis: Prairies (Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta); Atlantic (Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland and Labrador); Territories (Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut); and the provinces of British Columbia, Quebec, and Ontario.
Prevalence date: January 1st of the selected years. For example, a prevalence date of January 1, 2020, represents people with a previous diagnosis of childhood cancer who were still alive at the end of 2019.
Measures
Number of prevalent cases (prevalence): The number of people diagnosed with a childhood cancer over a specific period (5 years, 18 years, or 25 years) who are still alive on the prevalence date. See Prevalence of cancers diagnosed in childhood above for more information.
Crude prevalence proportion: The number of people diagnosed with a childhood cancer over a specific period who are still alive on the prevalence date, divided by the total number of people of the same age in the population. Proportions are presented per 1,000,000. Crude rates do not adjust for the age distribution of the population.
Age-standardized prevalence proportion: A weighted average of age-specific crude prevalence proportions using a standard population. Age-standardized prevalence proportions adjust for the age distribution of the population. This adjustment allows for comparisons across years and geographic region. Proportions are presented per 1,000,000 and standardized to the age distribution of the 2011 Canadian standard population.
5-year rolling average proportion: The average proportion over the previous 5 years. For example, the rolling average proportion for the year 2005 is the average proportion of 2001 to 2005. Rolling averages provide trends over time with minimum fluctuation.
Childhood cancer classification
Cancer and tumour types were defined using the International Classification of Childhood Cancer (ICCC). The ICCC is a diagnostic classification system for childhood cancer based on tumour morphology and primary site, with a greater emphasis on morphology as compared to the classification of cancers for adults.
To ensure confidentiality, prevalent cases between 1 and 4 are suppressed. Measures based on prevalent cases between 1 and 4 are not reported.
In addition, prevalent case counts are randomly rounded either up or down to a multiple of 5. Note, if the rounded count is zero, this means the actual number of cancer cases is zero. Crude proportions are based on randomly rounded counts, while age-standardized proportions are calculated using actual prevalent case counts.
References
Footnotes
Footnote 1
Brustugun, O. T., Møller, B., & Helland, Å. (2014). Years of life lost as a measure of cancer burden on a national level. British journal of cancer, 111(5), 1014-1020.
Rouse, C., Gittleman, H., Ostrom, Q. T., Kruchko, C., & Barnholtz-Sloan, J. S. (2015). Years of potential life lost for brain and CNS tumors relative to other cancers in adults in the United States, 2010. Neuro-oncology, 18(1), 70-77.
The mortality and potential years of life lost graphs and tables were created using data from the Canadian Cancer Registry (CCR) linked to the Canadian Vital Statistics–Death Database (CVSD) as well as the Pediatric Oncology Group of Ontario Networked Information System (POGONIS).
Canadian Cancer Registry (CCR) linked to the Canadian Vital Statistics–Death Database (CVSD)
The Canadian Cancer Registry (CCR) is a population-based registry that includes incidence data collected and annually reported to Statistics Canada by each provincial/territorial cancer registry. The CCR collects information about each new primary cancer diagnosed among Canadian residents since 1992.
The Canadian Vital Statistics–Death Database (CVSD) is an administrative survey that includes demographic and medical (cause of death) information collected and regularly reported to Statistics Canada from all provincial and territorial vital statistics registries. The CVSD contains records of all deaths in Canada.
Data was extracted from the Canadian Cancer Registry Death-Linked Share File (1992–2017) that was shared with the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC).
General notes:
CCR excludes non-malignant cases.
Cancer incidence data from Quebec is not available from CCR.
CVSD data for Yukon and Ontario are not available as of 2016.
Data from 2016 and 2017 are considered preliminary due to improvements in methodology and timeliness which shortened the duration of data collection.
POGONIS data
Death information in POGONIS is validated and supplemented via annual record linkage to the Ontario Cancer Registry and the Ontario Registrar General Death File under a data sharing agreement with Ontario Health (Cancer Care Ontario) to systematically capture deaths in the entire cohort.
Deaths reported in POGONIS from 2015 to 2017 are included.
Children and youth (under 18 years old) diagnosed with cancer who died before adulthood (before 18 years old) are included in the mortality and potential years of life lost data tool. Included cases had a diagnosis between 1992 and 2017 and a death between 2001 and 2017.
Potential Years of Life Lost
A child’s potential years of life lost due to cancer is their life expectancy at their time of death. PYLL reflects the average number of additional years a person would have lived if they had not died prematurely.
The PYLL for each child or youth is the life expectancy for a person of the same age and sex in Canada during the year of death. This measure is estimated by linking life table data to each death of a person of a given age and sex.
Footnote 1Footnote 2Footnote 3
For example, in 2020, the life expectancy of a one-year-old boy in the general population is 78.86 years, meaning that a one-year-old boy who died in 2020 would have lost 78.86 potential years of life.
Selections
Sex: The sex of the child or youth.
Age at death: The age group of the child or youth at the time of their death: <1 year, 1 to 4 years, 5 to 9 years, 10 to 14 years, 15 to 17 years, and All ages (<18 years).
Cause of death: The underlying cause of death. See Cause of death below for more information.
Geography: The home region of the child or youth at the time of their cancer diagnosis: Prairies (Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta); Atlantic (Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland and Labrador); Territories (Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut); and the provinces of British Columbia, and Ontario.
Number of deaths: The number of children and youth diagnosed with cancer who died.
Crude mortality rate: The number of children and youth diagnosed with cancer who died, divided by the total number of children and youth in the population. Rates are presented per 1,000,000. Crude rates do not adjust for the age distribution of the population.
Age-standardized mortality rate: A weighted average of age-specific crude mortality rates using a standard population. Age-standardized mortality rates adjust for the age distribution of the population. This adjustment allows for comparisons across years and geographic region. Rates are presented per 1,000,000 and standardized to the age distribution of the 2011 Canadian standard population.
Number of potential years of life lost (PYLL): The number of PYLL for all children and youth diagnosed with cancer who died. See Potential Years of Life Lost above for more information.
Crude rate of PYLL: The number of PYLL for children and youth diagnosed with cancer who died, divided by the total number of children and youth in the population. Rates are presented per 1,000,000. Crude rates do not adjust for the age distribution of the population.
Age-standardized rate of PYLL: A weighted average of age-specific crude rates of PYLL using a standard population. Age-standardized rates of PYLL adjust for the age distribution of the population. This adjustment allows for comparisons across years and geographic region. Rates are presented per 1,000,000 and standardized to the age distribution of the 2011 Canadian standard population.
5-year rolling average rates: The average rate over the previous 5 years. For example, the rolling average rate for the year 2005 is the average rate of 2001 to 2005. Rolling averages provide trends over time with minimum fluctuation.
Childhood cancer classification
Cancer and tumour types were defined using the International Classification of Childhood Cancer (ICCC). The ICCC is a diagnostic classification system for childhood cancer based on tumour morphology and primary site, with a greater emphasis on morphology as compared to the classification of cancers for adults.
The cause of death is classified according to the World Health Organization International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10)Footnote 5. The cause of death represents the disease or injury which initiated the train of morbid events leading directly to death, or the circumstances of the accident or violence which produced the fatal injury.
In this data tool, counts and rates are available for deaths from:
Malignant neoplasms only [C00-C97]
Malignant neoplasms, in situ neoplasms, benign neoplasms and neoplasms of uncertain or unknown behaviour only [C00-C97, D00-D48]
All causes [all ICD-10 codes]
Note, the “all causes” selection includes deaths that may be unrelated to a cancer diagnosis (including deaths due to accidents and injuries).
Suppression
To ensure confidentiality, death counts between 1 and 4 are suppressed. Rates based on death counts between 1 and 4 are not reported.
In addition, case counts are randomly rounded either up or down to a multiple of 5. Note, if the rounded count is zero, this means the actual number of cancer cases is zero. The number of PYLL and all crude rates are based on randomly rounded counts, while age-standardized rates are calculated using actual case counts.
References
Footnotes
Footnote 1
Brustugun, O. T., Møller, B., & Helland, Å. (2014). Years of life lost as a measure of cancer burden on a national level. British journal of cancer, 111(5), 1014-1020.
Rouse, C., Gittleman, H., Ostrom, Q. T., Kruchko, C., & Barnholtz-Sloan, J. S. (2015). Years of potential life lost for brain and CNS tumors relative to other cancers in adults in the United States, 2010. Neuro-oncology, 18(1), 70-77.
National Cancer Institute. (2022, October). Years of life lost. Cancer Trends Progress Report. Retrieved February 9, 2023, from https://www.progressreport.cancer.gov/end/life_lost
Steliarova-Foucher E, Colombet M, Ries LAG, Rous B, Stiller CA. Classification of tumours. In: Steliarova-Foucher E, Colombet M, Ries LAG, Moreno F, Dolya A, Shin HY, Hesseling P, Stiller CA. International Incidence of Childhood Cancer, Volume III. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2017.
World Health Organization. (2023). International Classification of Diseases (ICD). World Health Organization. Retrieved February 10, 2023, from https://www.who.int/standards/classifications/classification-of-diseases
The contributions of study participants, participating pediatric oncology centres, members of the CYP-C Management and Steering Committees, the Pediatric Oncology Group of Ontario and its five hospital partners, the C17 Council, and the Canadian Partnership Against Cancer are gratefully acknowledged.
Suggested Citation
Centre for Surveillance and Applied Research, Public Health Agency of Canada. Cancer in Young People in Canada Data Tool. 2024 Edition. Health Infobase. Ottawa (ON): Public Health Agency of Canada, 2024.
